Landscape Biodiversity

When the United Nations launched the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 1970, one of its main goals was to conserve landscapes, ecosystems, individual species and genetic variation. Core protected areas within a biosphere reserve, such as national and provincial parks, provide the physical space—or ecosystems—species need to thrive. In eastern Georgian Bay, we have a mosaic of ecosystems ranging from forests and rock barrens to wetlands and rivers. Each of these areas provides important habitat for hundreds of species.

Connected Habitats Are Key

Habitat loss is the single biggest threat to plant and animal species, both globally and locally. Once a natural area is disturbed or destroyed, it is very hard to restore it to its previous state. In addition, individual habitats need to be at least somewhat connected to allow species to breed, feed and find shelter. When a large habitat is divided by roads, power lines or by human settlements, it gets sliced into smaller patches that may not meet species’ needs.

Well-connected habitats supporting a wide range of species are important because they act like a natural buffer to the pressures of human activities, extreme weather events, climate change and invasive species. Highly diverse landscapes can absorb these shocks better and help support ecosystems and their wildlife.

Compare a tree plantation with a natural forest: if the tree farm is attacked by pests or contracts a disease, it may be decimated. But a natural forest has diversity built into its design. If one species suffers, others will continue to thrive. A diverse forest will respond much better to infestations and recover much faster than one with little biodiversity.

The Georgian Bay Biosphere has 50 species at risk that need our help to protect their habitat.

Glenda Clayton, Georgian Bay Biosphere

What are the Threats?

Georgian Bay’s coastal areas and inland lakes are threatened by road construction and new buildings, as well as boat launches and other changes to the shoreline. Those changes could include logging, mining rock and gravel, moving soil, dredging and blasting. Roads and development projects also create pathways for the spread of invasive species, such as the phragmites reed, which you may have seen growing in tall, dense stands along roadways.

Mapping the Human Impact

Researchers can measure many different threats to biodiversity. By understanding these threats, we can see which habitats are priorities for protection, which areas need restoration and where we can best locate human development to make it more sustainable.

The researchers’ findings can translate into sophisticated maps showing all the different threats to landscape biodiversity. Simple map layers would include roads and urban areas. More complex maps would calculate the area of connected habitat, giving high scores to areas with more biodiversity. They could also do this for a particular species, or combine the habitat needs of several species to show the ideal habitat for protecting species at risk.

A New Tool: The Biodiversity Atlas

 The Canadian Wildlife Service (Ontario region) and the Nature Conservancy of Canada have produced a biodiversity atlas that helps us add some findings we weren’t able to include in our 2013 State of the Bay report and provides information under two measures: high-value biodiversity areas and human footprint analysis. By combining these two metrics, we can better identify the areas of high biological and habitat diversity that are subject to a lot of human disturbance. These regions are considered a priority for conservation and may be proposed as parks, reserves or land trust sites.

How You Can Help

Think about your own eco-footprint, how you develop your property and how these actions help or hinder wildlife habitat. Leave your land as natural as possible: fallen branches create salamander homes and add new soil. As well, dead standing trees (if in a safe location) provide shelter for birds, bats and small mammals; a shoreline buffer of native vegetation preserves important habitat and improves your water quality; and by turning off outdoor lighting at night, you’ll make it easier for nocturnal birds and other wildlife to navigate.

In addition, to make sure our conservation efforts are as effective as possible, our communities need to adopt best practices for development, including building roads with fencing and ecopassages to protect wildlife and allow for safe crossings. Culverts need to be appropriately sized and located to support aquatic habitat for fish and other species. And finally, our land-use plans need to ensure habitats are connected in order to protect large natural areas from fragmentation.

Many people go to Georgian Bay for a feeling of wilderness. They love the barren rock islands, windswept pines, the sunsets and the solitude.

Becky Pollock, Georgian Bay Biosphere

Big Picture Biodiversity

This map shows high-value biodiversity areas. Shaded areas (in green) show places that contain at least two high-value habitats (such as forests, grasslands and wetlands). Many of these areas occur in First Nations territory, national or provincial parks and Crown lands managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Areas of high biodiversity contain important habitat for migratory birds and many of our species at risk.

You can see large patches of high biodiversity around Killbear Provincial Park, Massasauga Provincial Park, Georgian Bay Islands National Park and throughout the wetland areas of southern Georgian Bay. The green-shaded archipelago that stretches along the eastern shoreline shows that the 30,000 Islands region provides critical habitat for species diversity.

Development Reaches Into Wild Spaces

This map shows a human footprint analysis that is calculated based on the impacts of human activities on the landscape. High human influence (shown in red) contrasts against areas with low human influence (shown in green).

As expected, areas of high influence occur along transportation routes and around areas with larger populations, such as Parry Sound and Honey Harbour. Remote areas that are least accessible by road show the least human influence.